OpenMind Journal of Multidisciplinary Innovation & Development

Abstract

The rise of generative artificial intelligence has made the fair use determination of training data a cutting-edge controversy in copyright law. This article systematically examines the judicial application experience of U.S. federal courts in the cases of Thomson Reuters v. ROSS Intelligence, Bartz v. Anthropic, and Kadrey v. Meta. The study finds that the divergences among the three cases in the weighting of the four factors and the conclusions of their rulings are not logical contradictions, but rather reveal the flexible application mechanism of the fair use doctrine under different technological scenarios: the functional relationship between the AI product and the original work constitutes the core variable determining the finding of transformative use; the legality of the data source constitutes an independent factual basis for negating fair use; and the market impact analysis presents a typological structure ranging from direct substitution, licensing market harm, to market dilution.

Keywords: Artificial intelligence training data; Fair use; Transformative use; Market dilution; Four-factor analysis framework

Abstract

Background Medication-related problems, including adverse drug reactions (ADRs), adverse drug events (ADEs), drug–drug interactions (DDIs), medication errors, and inappropriate antimicrobial use, remain important challenges in clinical practice. Artificial intelligence (AI) has developed rapidly and may help healthcare professionals identify medication-related risks earlier. Previous studies have reported the use of machine learning, deep learning, natural language processing, and newer generative AI methods in pharmacovigilance, drug-interaction prediction, clinical decision support, and antimicrobial stewardship. Objective This study aimed to review AI's role in predicting, detecting, and preventing drug-related problems and to compare its applications across pharmacovigilance, drug–drug interaction prediction, clinical decision support, medication safety, and antimicrobial stewardship. Methods We conducted a literature review of 39 selected articles on AI and medication safety. The literature was organised into major areas, including ADR/ADE prediction and pharmacovigilance, DDI prediction, clinical decision support, generative AI and EHR-based medication safety applications, and antimicrobial stewardship. The findings were compared according to AI methods, clinical purpose, safety application, benefits, and major limitations. Results The reviewed literature shows that AI can analyse large amounts of clinical and medication data to identify patients at risk of ADRs and ADEs, detect possible DDIs, support medication decisions, and improve pharmacovigilance. Machine learning and deep learning methods have shown promising results in prediction and classification tasks. AI has also been used to support antibiotic selection, antimicrobial resistance prediction, and antimicrobial stewardship. Generative AI and large language models are emerging in DDI identification, clinical decision support, and pharmacovigilance. However, most studies remain retrospective, and external validation and prospective clinical testing are still limited. Conclusion AI has strong potential to support a proactive medication-safety system by predicting risks, detecting problems early, and supporting preventive action. However, AI should support rather than replace healthcare professionals. Future research should focus on high-quality data, external validation, explainable AI, patient privacy, clinical integration, and real-world testing. The ultimate goal should be to develop safe, reliable, and patient-centred AI systems that help reduce medication-related harm and improve clinical outcomes.

Keywords: Artificial Intelligence; Medication Safety; Drug-Related Problems; Pharmacovigilance; Adverse Drug Reactions; Drug–Drug Interactions; Clinical Decision Support Systems; Antimicrobial Stewardship

Abstract

This study examines the relevance of Plato’s educational philosophy to transforming secondary education in Kogi State, Nigeria, through a philosophical review. The study used a qualitative conceptual analysis method, drawing on secondary sources including Plato’s original philosophical works, scholarly interpretations of his educational ideas, literature on Nigerian secondary education, curriculum documents, and policy reports on educational development. The review employed thematic analysis to examine key dimensions of Plato’s educational thought, particularly the relationship between intellectual development, moral education, citizenship formation, and the pursuit of the common good, and explored their implications for contemporary secondary education management. The study reveals that several challenges affecting secondary education in Kogi State, including poor academic outcomes, declining ethical values, social disengagement, limited employability skills, and weak community integration, can be addressed through an education model that balances academic achievement with character formation. The findings demonstrate that Plato’s emphasis on holistic education provides a useful philosophical foundation for curriculum improvement, teacher professional development, student-centred learning, and moral education. The study contributes to educational philosophy and policy discourse by providing a framework for integrating classical philosophical principles into contemporary Nigerian secondary education practices. It concludes that adapting Plato’s educational ideas can support the development of academically competent, morally responsible, and socially committed citizens. The study recommends curriculum reform, stronger teacher preparation, and increased community involvement to align secondary education in Kogi State with Plato’s educational vision.

Keywords: Plato's philosophical framework; Moral development of students; Just and responsible society; Secondary education management; Academic performance

Abstract

Microfinance banking in Nigeria was established to extend credit to the economically excluded and stimulate grassroots development. Despite the sector's dramatic expansion, with credit rising from ₦42.8 billion in 2008 to ₦1.3 trillion in 2025, poverty and unemployment have persisted, raising serious doubts about whether microfinance credit actually promotes economic growth. This disconnects between policy intent and development outcomes constitutes the central problem of this study. The need for the study arises from unresolved contradictions in the existing literature, where some studies report positive growth effects of microfinance credit while others find insignificant or even negative effects, leaving the microfinance-growth nexus in Nigeria empirically unsettled. The study therefore aims to assess the effect of microfinance bank credit on economic growth in Nigeria over the period 2008–2025. The study adopts a quantitative design using annual secondary time-series data from the Central Bank of Nigeria, the IMF Financial Access Survey, and the World Bank. Economic growth is measured by real GDP growth, and microfinance bank credit is measured by loans and advances. The Autoregressive Distributed Lag bounds-testing approach is employed to examine short-run and long-run relationships, supported by unit root tests, diagnostic tests, and stability tests. The results show that microfinance bank credit has no statistically significant effect on economic growth in Nigeria. The ARDL bounds test F-statistic of 1.931 fell below the lower bound critical value of 4.04 at the 10% level, confirming the absence of a long-run relationship. The short-run coefficient was also insignificant (p = 0.548), and the error correction term (−0.418) was only weakly significant (p = 0.101). The study concludes that microfinance bank credit, as currently deployed, does not drive economic growth in Nigeria. The expansion of credit has not translated into productive investment or measurable development gains. Policymakers must complement credit delivery with financial literacy, business development services, and monitoring mechanisms to ensure that microcredit finances productive activities rather than consumption.

Keywords: Micro economy; Credit development; Banking; Finance

Abstract

Multidisciplinary transition planning has become increasingly important in preparing learners with special needs for successful movement from school to employment, independent living, and active participation in society. This article examines how multidisciplinary transition planning supports school-to-work outcomes and independent living among learners with special needs in Nigeria, with particular attention to Rivers State and secondary and tertiary education. It explores the concepts of multidisciplinary transition planning, school-to-work transition, and independent living, while highlighting the importance of coordinated collaboration among educators, counsellors, families, vocational specialists, employers, community organizations, and policymakers. The discussion further analyzes practical strategies for strengthening transition planning through individualized support, career preparation, life skills development, inclusive educational practices, and policy implementation. It also examines challenges affecting effective transition planning, including inadequate funding, limited institutional capacity, insufficient professional training, weak stakeholder collaboration, and persistent societal attitudes toward disability. The article argues that successful transition planning extends beyond academic achievement by equipping learners with functional competencies, self-advocacy skills, workplace readiness, and confidence for adulthood. Strengthening multidisciplinary partnerships and inclusive support systems can improve employment opportunities, social participation, and independent decision making for persons with disabilities. Ultimately, advancing transition planning within secondary and tertiary institutions contributes to sustainable inclusion, improved quality of life, greater economic participation, and national development by ensuring that learners with special needs are adequately prepared to navigate adult responsibilities, contribute meaningfully to their communities, and achieve greater independence throughout adulthood. The findings encourage stronger institutional commitment, sustained stakeholder partnerships, evidence-based implementation, and continuous policy evaluation nationwide.

Keywords: Multidisciplinary Transition Planning; School-to-Work Transition; Independent Living; Learners with Special Needs; Nigeria

Abstract

Digital governance has transformed public administration by improving service delivery, transparency, accountability, administrative efficiency, and citizen engagement. However, increasing reliance on digital systems has exposed African public institutions to cybersecurity risks, including ransomware, phishing, malware, data breaches, identity theft, cyber espionage, and disruption of critical services. This study examines the relationship between digital governance, cybersecurity risks, and public administration in Africa, with emphasis on institutional challenges and policy responses. Guided by the Technology–Organization–Environment (TOE) Framework and Institutional Theory, the study adopts a qualitative documentary research design. Data were drawn from peer-reviewed journal articles, government publications, policy documents, reports of international organizations, and other credible secondary sources, and were analysed thematically. The study finds that digital governance has improved administrative efficiency, financial management, transparency, accountability, and access to public services across several African countries. However, these gains remain vulnerable to inadequate cybersecurity infrastructure, weak regulatory enforcement, limited technical expertise, insufficient funding, fragmented institutional coordination, outdated technological systems, and low cybersecurity awareness. The study further finds that stronger cybersecurity strategies, effective regulatory institutions, institutional coordination, and sustained investment in digital capacity enhance governmental resilience and public sector performance. It concludes that sustainable digital governance requires cybersecurity risk management to be integrated into public administration reforms. The study recommends strengthening cybersecurity policies and legal frameworks, investing in secure digital infrastructure and human capacity, institutionalizing enterprise risk management, improving incident response mechanisms, promoting regional cooperation, and enhancing continuous cybersecurity monitoring and public awareness.

Keywords: Digital Governance; Cybersecurity; Public Administration; Africa; Cyber Resilience

Abstract

Policy implementation is a crucial stage in the public policy process because it determines the extent to which government policies are translated into programmes, services, and outcomes. Across African countries, however, the implementation of public policies is influenced by varying administrative, institutional, political, financial, and governance conditions. This study examines the administrative constraints and governance challenges affecting policy implementation and public service delivery in Africa, with particular attention to institutional capacity, bureaucratic effectiveness, political interference, resource availability, accountability, coordination, and citizen participation. The study adopts a qualitative documentary research design based on the analysis of relevant secondary sources, including scholarly literature, policy documents, institutional reports, and comparative evidence from selected African countries. Institutional Theory and Top-Down Implementation Theory provide the theoretical foundations for examining how institutional arrangements, administrative structures, policy directives, and implementation environments shape policy outcomes. The analysis indicates that weaknesses in administrative capacity, institutional coordination, financial management, accountability mechanisms, and policy continuity can constrain effective implementation, although the nature and extent of these challenges vary across countries and policy contexts. The study further identifies institutional strengthening, civil service reform, improved accountability and financial management, digital governance, effective monitoring and evaluation, citizen participation, and regional cooperation as important measures for improving implementation and public service delivery. The study concludes that more effective policy implementation requires context-sensitive institutional and administrative reforms supported by sustained political commitment, adequate resources, and effective governance arrangements.

Keywords: Policy implementation; Administrative constraints; Governance; Institutional capacity; Public service delivery