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Research Article

Beyond Carbon: Integrating Physical Climate Risk Scoring into Zoning and Development Approval Processes for Urban Investment Resilience

Shuaibu H. Manga

Department of Estate Management Federal Polytechnic Mubi, Adamawa State, Nigeria

Sani Inusa Milala

Faculty of technology management and Business, department of real estate and facilities Management,
Universiti tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, Johor Malaysia

Abubakar Mohammed Garba

Faculty of Environmental Technology, Department of Estate Management and Valuation, Abubakar Tafawa
Balewa University, Bauchi, Bauchi state, Nigeria

Received: 20 May 2026 | Accepted: 15 June 2026 | Published: 20 June 2026

DOI: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21483839 | Pages: 1-16 | Volume: 2 | Issue: 3

Abstract

Urban development patterns increasingly expose communities and investment assets to escalating climate-related hazards, yet existing zoning and development approval processes remain predominantly focused on carbon mitigation rather than physical climate risk reduction. This conceptual paper addresses this critical gap by developing a comprehensive framework for integrating physical climate risk scoring into zoning and development approval processes to enhance urban investment resilience. The study employs a conceptual research methodology based on systematic literature review and theoretical synthesis across urban planning, climate science, and real estate investment. The analysis reveals that current zoning frameworks inadequately incorporate forward-looking climate hazard data, leading to continued development in high-risk areas and escalating financial exposure. The conceptual framework proposes a multi-stage risk scoring methodology that integrates location-specific hazard data, vulnerability assessments, and adaptation capacity considerations into planning approvals and zoning decisions. The framework identifies three core components: hazard identification and characterization, exposure and vulnerability assessment, and risk scoring integration into regulatory decisions. The study concludes that integrating physical climate risk scoring into zoning and development approvals can reduce urban vulnerability, protect investment values, and guide development toward climate-resilient locations. This paper contributes to emerging scholarship on climate-adaptive urban planning and resilient real estate investment by providing theoretical foundations for policy development and practical guidance for planners, developers, and investors.

Keywords

Physical climate risk; Zoning; Development approvals; Urban resilience; Climate hazard scoring; land-use planning; Investment resilience; Adaptation; Risk assessment; Regulatory frameworks

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