OpenMind Journal of Multidisciplinary Innovation & Development

Abstract

Veterinary epidemiology has undergone significant methodological evolution, transitioning from traditional descriptive approaches to sophisticated quantitative frameworks that integrate spatio-temporal analysis, mechanistic modelling, and advanced computational techniques. This review synthesizes current methodological approaches in veterinary epidemiology and disease modelling, with particular emphasis on the integration of spatio-temporal analysis, transmission dynamics, and surveillance strategies. The emergence of novel pathogens and the increasing complexity of livestock production systems necessitate the adoption of multidisciplinary modelling approaches that can capture the intricate dynamics of disease transmission at various spatial and temporal scales. This article examines the application of Bayesian geostatistical methods, hidden Markov models, and network-based approaches in understanding disease patterns and informing control strategies. Furthermore, the review addresses the challenges of imperfect disease detection and the integration of artificial intelligence in veterinary epidemiological research. The findings highlight the critical importance of combining multiple modelling frameworks to enhance disease surveillance, risk assessment, and the evaluation of intervention strategies in animal populations.

Keywords: Veterinary epidemiology; Disease modelling; Spatio-temporal analysis; Transmission dynamics; Surveillance; Bayesian methods; Network analysis

Abstract

The GDP (gross domestic product) will affect our country level and quality that may change our life style because the high-technique product enters our daily life every a second. We should appreciate the engineers and experts to take out new technology for us to share due to combining many high-techniques software skill to make the complete product more advancement and industrialization that may destroy the traditional economy eventually. The renewable energy like photovoltaic generator, wind turbine one, nuclear gen-erator, hydrogen fuel &carbon one etc. new source one will be exploited by us continually to exhibit its power in front of public. On the other hand, the heat-suppler will be regulated by one house in a building with increasing and de-creasing button completing electric releasing role. In the developed country it is essential function, so if you go out to let the heat decrease and when you turn back making it to increase room temperature for the sake of maintaining a normal situation in winter. Thereby, the electric consumption will retain in a high level and capacity. The new electric generator may be used from the na-ture renewable source with green and low carbon fuel atmosphere like photo, wind, nuclear pile, hydraulic &carbon one. Thereby, the high GDP is about to be created by our continual endeavor with that renewable resource and follow-ing machinery making course by our scientist &engineers. Hence, the entire industrial chains and supplied chain special in those down-stream firms be-cause they will assemble all the supplied parts to one mature &complete equipment to transfer all the necessary places like sand dune, seaside &hills. With increasing that equipment by factory the employment-rate is to be in-cremented largely whose role can exhibit in the entire new energy transfor-mation ratio. At end, the goods will be created large volume to transport other nations so as to increment the foreign trade activities for the sake of trans-forming into the foreign dollars with more capital reserve which can buy the essential goods lacking of producing in domestic market necessarily. In the end, the educated talents like university graduates will be recruited to work in different divisions in order to communicate each other experiences to reach a good circulation which can help companies to finish the useful advice trans-formation and adopt new innovation ones sustainably.

Keywords: BRICS General Reserve; China and India; Electricity Generation; Electricity Generation Amount; GDP Changes; Behavioral Analysis; Judg-ment; Sustainability; Innovative Study

Abstract

The GDP (gross domestic product) will affect our country level and quality that may change our life style because the high-technique product enters our daily life every a second. We should appreciate the engineers and experts to take out new technology for us to share due to combining many high-techniques software skill to make the complete product more advancement and industrialization that may destroy the traditional economy eventually. The renewable energy like photovoltaic generator, wind turbine one, nuclear generator, hydrogen fuel &carbon one etc. new source one will be exploited by us continually to exhibit its power in front of public. On the other hand, the heat-suppler will be regulated by one house in a building with increasing and decreasing button completing electric releasing role. In the developed country it is essential function, so if you go out to let the heat decrease and when you turn back making it to increase room temperature for the sake of maintaining a normal situation in winter. Thereby, the electric consumption will retain in a high level and capacity. The new electric generator may be used from the nature renewable source with green and low carbon fuel atmosphere like photo, wind, nuclear pile, hydraulic &carbon one. Thereby, the high GDP is about to be created by our continual endeavor with that renewable resource and following machinery making course by our scientist &engineers. Hence, the entire industrial chains and supplied chain special in those down-stream firms because they will assemble all the supplied parts to one mature &complete equipment to transfer all the necessary places like sand dune, seaside &hills. With increasing that equipment by factory the employment-rate is to be incremented largely whose role can exhibit in the entire new energy transformation ratio. At end, the goods will be created large volume to transport other nations so as to increment the foreign trade activities for the sake of transforming into the foreign dollars with more capital reserve which can buy the essential goods lacking of producing in domestic market necessarily. In the end, the educated talents like university graduates will be recruited to work in different divisions in order to communicate each other experiences to reach a good circulation which can help companies to finish the useful advice transformation and adopt new innovation ones sustainably.

Keywords: Reviving the Australia automotive sale amount; India &China GDP changes; National science &Technology Award in 2025; Behavior &Judgement; By sustainability; An innovated searching

Abstract

The commercial real estate sector faces a critical information gap, as climate-related risks remain inadequately disclosed and inconsistently priced in property acquisitions and valuations. This information asymmetry creates significant market inefficiencies, mispricing of climate-exposed assets, and potential systemic financial risks. This conceptual paper addresses this gap by developing a comprehensive policy framework for mandatory climate risk disclosure in commercial property acquisitions and valuation. The study employs a conceptual research methodology based on systematic literature review and theoretical synthesis across real estate economics, climate finance, and regulatory policy. The analysis reveals that emerging regulatory frameworks, including the International Sustainability Standards Board (ISSB) standards and Task Force on Climate-related Financial Disclosures (TCFD) recommendations, provide foundational elements for mandatory disclosure, yet significant gaps remain in property-level application and acquisition due diligence. The conceptual framework identifies four core pillars of mandatory disclosure: governance oversight, risk identification and assessment, materiality determination, and valuation integration. The study concludes that mandatory climate risk disclosure in commercial property transactions can enhance market efficiency, protect asset values, and support the transition to a climate-resilient built environment. This paper contributes to emerging scholarship on climate finance and real estate regulation by providing theoretical foundations for policy development and practical guidance for market participants navigating evolving disclosure requirements.

Keywords: Climate risk disclosure; Commercial real estate; Property valuation; Mandatory reporting; TCFD; ISSB; Materiality; Due diligence; Financial stability; Regulatory policy

Abstract

The design and implementation of national housing programs serve as a core indicator of socioeconomic stability and welfare delivery. While housing is universally acknowledged as a fundamental human need, the strategies employed to deliver affordable housing differ vastly across economic contexts. This study evaluates the systemic divergence between long-term housing strategies in developed nations and the execution realities within Nigeria using a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) methodology. By analyzing academic literature and national policy documents, this paper investigates how the interactions between seven core strategic themes that include: funds, schemes, governments, implementation, development, land, and rurality influence public housing outcomes. The findings reveal that while developed countries achieve structural stability through high institutional continuity, deep secondary mortgage markets, and automated distribution pipelines, the Nigerian housing ecosystem suffers from severe systemic friction. Restrictive land tenure under the 1978 Land Use Act, volatile commercial interest rates, political discontinuity, and a reliance on analog allocation workflows create interdependent loops that exclude low-and-medium-income earners. Localized empirical data confirms that rigid credit barriers systematically lock out public servants, while manual administrative bottlenecks leave completed housing projects vulnerable to bureaucratic capture. The study concludes that minor project-level interventions are insufficient to resolve the affordable housing deficit. Instead, it recommends substantive legislative reform of land laws, the institutionalization of flexible collateral models, and the immediate deployment of automated digital house allocation management systems to ensure equitable, sustainable housing delivery.

Keywords: Affordable Housing; Housing Policy; Structural Friction; Digital Allocation Systems; Nigeria

Abstract

Background: Generic medicines are widely used because they are affordable and usually work as effectively as branded medicines. They meet the same safety and quality standards. However, in daily medical practice, the use of generic medicines is influenced by hospital management policies, doctors’ prescribing habits, patient beliefs, and overall treatment costs. These factors can affect patient care and healthcare spending. Purpose of the Review: The purpose of this narrative review was to compare branded and generic medicines used in general medicine, with special focus on hospital management practices, prescribing behavior of healthcare professionals, and economic impact on patients and healthcare systems. Findings: Most studies showed that generic medicines are therapeutically equivalent to branded medicines in terms of safety and effectiveness. Despite this, many doctors still prefer branded drugs due to habit, confidence in brands, influence from pharmaceutical representatives, and patient expectations. Pharmacists generally showed greater trust in generic medicines and stronger support for generic substitution. Generic medicines often reduce drug costs, but total healthcare costs do not always decrease because of additional doctor visits, hospital admissions, or treatment changes. Patient beliefs and poor awareness sometimes reduce acceptance of generics, although government supply programs showed good outcomes at lower cost. Inclusion Criteria: Studies published in English that compared branded and generic medicines, discussed prescribing behavior, hospital management or substitution policies, and reported clinical or economic outcomes in general medicine were included. Exclusion Criteria: Editorials without data, conference abstracts, non-English articles, and studies not related to general medicine practice were excluded.

Keywords: Generic medicines; Branded medicines; Prescribing behavior; Hospital management; Economic impact

Abstract

This study examined the relationship between reward administration and employee job performance in the Akwa Ibom State Civil Service. The study was motivated by concerns over declining employee motivation, inadequate reward practices, delayed promotions, limited recognition, and poor welfare provisions, which have negatively affected employee commitment and performance within the public service. Specifically, the study investigated the relationship between financial rewards and employee job performance, as well as the influence of employee recognition on workers' performance in the Akwa Ibom State Civil Service. A descriptive survey research design was adopted for the study. The study population comprised 1,248 employees drawn from the Ministry of Economic Development, Ministry of Education, Ministry of Information and Strategy, and the Civil Service Commission. Using the Taro Yamane (1967) formula at a 5% level of precision, a sample size of 303 respondents was determined. A combination of stratified and simple random sampling techniques was employed to select the respondents. Data were collected through a structured questionnaire, while descriptive statistics and the Pearson Product Moment Correlation were used to analyse the data and test the hypotheses at the 0.05 level of significance. Of the 303 questionnaires administered, 290 were properly completed and returned, representing a response rate of 95.7%. The findings revealed that financial rewards have a significant positive relationship with employee job performance and that employee recognition significantly enhances workers' performance. The study further established that prompt payment of salaries and allowances, equitable reward administration, merit-based promotion, regular recognition of outstanding performance, and improved employee welfare significantly enhance employee motivation, organizational commitment, and effective service delivery. The study concluded that a comprehensive reward administration system that integrates both financial and non-financial rewards is essential for improving employee job performance in the Akwa Ibom State Civil Service. The study therefore recommended the institutionalization of transparent reward policies, timely merit-based promotions, effective employee recognition programmes, improved welfare packages, and conducive working conditions to enhance employee motivation, job performance, and overall organizational effectiveness.

Keywords: Reward administration; Financial rewards; Employee recognition; Employee job performance; Akwa Ibom State Civil Service; Public service

Abstract

Post-conflict societies across Africa continue to grapple with the complex challenges of reconciliation, social reintegration, and the restoration of trust among previously divided groups. In response to these challenges, Ubuntu philosophy commonly encapsulated in the expression ‘a person is a person through other persons’ has been advanced by scholars and peace advocates as a culturally grounded framework for promoting forgiveness, restorative justice, and communal healing. Notably, the works of Desmond Tutu and Michael Battle argue that Ubuntu fosters social cohesion by emphasising interconnectedness, compassion, and shared humanity. Despite its widespread normative acceptance within peacebuilding discourse, empirical evidence examining the relationship between perceptions of Ubuntu and measurable indicators of social cohesion remains limited. This study investigated the influence of Ubuntu philosophy on social cohesion in selected post-conflict communities in Africa. Drawing on Communitarian African Philosophy and Restorative Justice Theory, the study employed a cross-sectional survey design involving 520 residents drawn from communities affected by civil conflict and insurgency. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire measuring perceptions of Ubuntu, forgiveness, interpersonal trust, and acceptance of former combatants’ reintegration. Descriptive statistics were used to examine respondents’ perceptions, while inferential analyses assessed the predictive relationship between Ubuntu orientation and social cohesion outcomes. The findings indicate that positive perceptions of Ubuntu are significantly associated with higher levels of forgiveness, greater interpersonal trust, and stronger support for the reintegration of former combatants into community life. Respondents who demonstrated stronger adherence to Ubuntu values were more likely to endorse reconciliation initiatives and less likely to express hostility towards previously antagonistic groups. The study further reveals that Ubuntu serves as a significant predictor of social cohesion, highlighting its practical relevance beyond philosophical discourse. The study concludes that Ubuntu constitutes an important indigenous ethical framework for post-conflict reconstruction and sustainable peace-building in Africa. It recommends the integration of Ubuntu-based principles into reconciliation programmes, community dialogue initiatives, and peace education policies aimed at strengthening social cohesion and fostering long-term societal healing.

Keywords: Ubuntu; Social cohesion; Post-conflict communities; Forgiveness; Reintegration; Restorative justice; Reconciliation; African philosophy

Abstract

The high-end making, new energy &AI (artificial intelligence) robot will occupy the new reformation field so that the much R &D (research and development) and investment is to be added continually by our government, maker &university. On the other hand, the expertise research must be much stronger, deeper & wider so the related performance is to be published in high-level &advanced journal with that paper. That needs to reflect the external and internal intrinsic relationship about searching object default and inner stress &temperature etc. many physical and specially in chemistry aspect. Therein many relational information can be acquired by our scientist and fellows for them to continuously find and seek the principal result on behalf of complicated exploration about the unbalance and balance relation so as to acquire the virtual and actual phenomena explanation and theoretical base. We should encourage the fellows research aim and direction, thereby the subsequent capital support by government constitution even institution by institute and making house and devices etc a series of preferential policy. The more product and equipment made from maker will enhance our high-technique skill and equipment capacity to satisfy the request coming from the society and foreign remands for us to process the foreign trade business actively from factory to seaport transiting other countries and territories. The old and new energy kinetic transformation needs to be transformed by now urgently, and that old low energy kinetic will be collapsed gradually and ultimately for us to learn new one and some interdisciplinary subject applying to the innovation item. The new renewable energy industry as an important factor to decline the gasoline usefulness on vehicle and factories that may start to change the traditional energy source into the low-contamination &high-renewable fuel at all for us to share in the views of the clean atmosphere with the BEV (battery electric vehicles) and making automation-flow-line and some heat-supplying factories. Thereby, the more searching for those transforming course and endeavors would be request through arousing the researcher and scholars explored the source and making process to a certain performance that is to advantage progressing high-functional-equipment making.

Keywords: Progressing high-technique equipment; GDP systems; By sustainability; An innovated Study

Abstract

The high-end making, new energy &AI (artificial intelligence) robot will occupy the new reformation field so that the much R &D (research and development) and investment is to be added continually by our government, maker &university. On the other hand, the expertise research must be much stronger, deeper & wider so the related performance is to be published in high-level &high-advanced journal with that paper. That needs to reflect the external and internal intrinsic relationship about searching object default and inner stress &temperature etc. many physical and chemistry aspects. Therein many relational information can be acquired by our scientist and fellows for them to continuously find and seek the principle result on behalf of complicated exploration about the unbalance and balance relation so as to acquire the virtual and actual phenomena and theoretical base. We should encourage the fellows research aim and direction, thereby the subsequent capital support by government constitution even institution by institute and making house and devices etc a series of preferential policy. The more product and equipment made from maker will enhance our high-technique skill and equipment capacity to satisfy the request coming from the society and foreign remands for us to process the foreign trade business actively from factory to seaport transiting other countries and territories. The old and new energy kinetic transformation needs to be transformed by now urgently, and that old low energy kinetic will be collapsed gradually and ultimately for us to learn new one and some interdisciplinary subject applying to the innovation item. The new renewable energy industry as an important factor to decline the gasoline usefulness on vehicle and factories that may start to change the traditional energy source into the low-contamination &high-renewable fuel at all for us to share in the views of the clean atmosphere with the BEV (battery electric vehicles) and making automation-flow-line and some heat-supplying factories. Thereby, the more searching for those transforming course and endeavors would be request through arousing the researcher and scholars explored the source and making process to a certain performance that is to advantage progressing high-functional-equipment making.

Keywords: Progressing high-technique product GDP systems; By sustainability; An innovated search; Seoul city China top cities GDP analysis

Abstract

The long and many times experimental trial will be necessary in order to guarantee the product property stably and reliably. As for the stable operation and reliable one the more times and choices will be proceeded according to the product property regarding the essential new composition, then not missing the long life and good performance negligently in maker sample room and ensure that all the parts are to be more qualified than the last one for the sake of transforming them to customer side with more security &reliable one. Therefore, don’t stop to provide innovation product with the easy operation to proceed normally and refuse its advancement feature because the smart product is entering our real world definitely and absolutely. Only if we continue to work the advancement science &technology the sophisticated product and following effectiveness may be birthed and advocated gradually and eventually. As a scientist he must proceed his searching to push new measures for the sake of updating the traditional theory &experiment largely. A paper might conclude in the entire big mind and subsidiary diversities to exhibit his performance in front of public readers that contains many sophisticated features and achievements during a certain time’s innovation research. At the same time, the robot etc. innovation machine can help us to process many things from workshop, public occasion to medical &even family, so that the as many as them need us to make continuously to help doing some key aspect like work as welding integrated-circuit chip, movement with materials &doing cuisine and housework even flatter with older man. Therefore, the more robots made by factory are to afford the inestimable perspective for serving human being comfortably. We should constantly provide the substance &logical chip to maker for the sake of producing humanoid-robot specially and continually to realize the modernization and commercialization in near future. Some materials are to affect the product longevity and property so that more searching about it will be necessary through scientists and engineers who burden heavy responsibility for the sake of enhancing its performance and longevity besides its high-quality with low making cost.

Keywords: Average salary rate between private and non-private units; By sustainability; An innovated study

Abstract

The high-end making, new energy &AI (artificial intelligence) robot will occupy the new reformation field so that the much R &D (research and development) and investment is to be added continually by our government, maker &university. On the other hand, the expertise research must be much stronger, deeper & wider so the related performance is to be published in high-level &advanced journal with that paper. That needs to reflect the external and internal intrinsic relationship about searching object default and inner stress &temperature etc. many physical and chemistry both aspects. Therein many relational information can be acquired by our scientist and fellows for them to continuously find and seek the principle result on behalf of complicated exploration about the unbalance and balance relation so as to acquire the virtual and actual phenomena explanation and theoretical base. We should encourage the fellows research aim and direction, thereby the subsequent capital support by government constitution even institution by institute and making house and devices etc. a series of preferential policy. The more product and equipment made from maker will enhance our high-technique skill and equipment capacity to satisfy the request coming from the society and foreign remands for us to process the foreign trade business actively from factory to seaport transiting other countries and territories. The old and new energy kinetic transformation needs to be transformed by now urgently, and that old low energy kinetic will be collapsed gradually and ultimately for us to learn new one and some interdisciplinary subject applying to the innovation item. The new renewable energy industry as an important factor to decline the gasoline usefulness on vehicle and factories that may start to change the traditional energy source into the low-contamination &high-renewable fuel at all for us to share in the views of the clean atmosphere with the BEV (battery electric vehicles) and making automation-flow-line and some heat-supplying factories. Thereby, the more searching for those transforming course and endeavors would be request through arousing the researcher and scholars explored the source and making process to a certain performance that is to advantage progressing high-functional-equipment making. So the society will continue to develop for us to be employed by those makers and increase the work-opportunity from college and university exhibited their expertise advantageous direction and theme for the sake of improving factory’s new-quality-productivity equipment produced with those new and tip subject like some interdisciplinary departments between physics and materials, physics and chemistry, chemistry and physics, physics &administration, automation &physics, electronics &electricity, electronics &physics, electricity &physics etc.. Those new interdisciplinary departments will occupy the new subjects so as to enhance our fringe-regional research &development and cross-disciplinary one searching and improvement.

Keywords: Progressing high-technique equipment GDP systems; By sustainability; An innovated searching

Abstract

The study examined the adoption of smart classroom technologies for effective instructional delivery in public senior secondary schools in Port Harcourt Metropolis, Rivers State, with specific focus on fund availability, teacher preparedness, and policy formation support. Three research questions were posed, and three null hypotheses were tested to guide the study. The study was anchored on the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) propounded by Davis (1989). The descriptive survey research design was adopted. The population of the study comprised 1,866 teachers in public senior secondary schools in Port Harcourt Metropolis, drawn from 52 public senior secondary schools in Port Harcourt Local Government Area and Obio-Akpor Local Government Area. Using the Taro Yamane (1967) formula, a sample of 539 teachers was drawn, comprising 233 teachers from Port Harcourt Local Government Area and 306 teachers from Obio-Akpor Local Government Area. The instrument for data collection was a researcher-designed questionnaire titled “Smart Classroom Technology Adoption Questionnaire (SCTA-Q)”, structured on a four-point rating scale of Very High Extent (4), High Extent (3), Low Extent (2), and Very Low Extent (1). Face and content validity of the instrument was established by three experts at Rivers State University, and reliability was determined using the Cronbach Alpha method through a pilot study, yielding coefficients relevant to the three clusters examined in this study. Out of 539 copies of the questionnaire administered, 453 were retrieved and found usable, comprising 196 teachers from Port Harcourt Local Government Area and 257 teachers from Obio-Akpor Local Government Area, representing an 84% return rate. Mean and standard deviation were used to answer the research questions, while the independent samples t-test statistic was used to test the null hypotheses at the 0.05 level of significance. The study found that, to a low extent, fund availability, teacher preparedness, and policy formation support enhance effective instructional delivery in public senior secondary schools in Port Harcourt Metropolis, and that there was no significant difference between the mean ratings of teachers in Port Harcourt City and Obio-Akpor Local Government Areas on any of the three dimensions. The study recommended, among others, that the Rivers State Government and the Rivers State Secondary Schools Board should establish dedicated, ring-fenced technology budget lines, reform pre-service and in-service teacher development programmed to embed digital pedagogy, and develop a comprehensive Smart Education Policy that mandates technology integration across public senior secondary schools.

Keywords: Smart Classroom Technologies; Instructional Delivery; Fund Availability; Teacher Preparedness and Policy Formation Support

Abstract

This study investigated Ethical sustainability and Artificial intelligence information sourcing among journalists in Rivers State. The study emphasises the importance of a balanced approach that promotes adoption and innovation while safeguarding human rights and fostering responsible AI development in Rivers State. The study is based on the Social Responsibility and Technological Determinism Theories. The study employed a survey research design with a questionnaire for data collection, using a total of 459 registered journalists as both the population and sample size. Data obtained from the research instrument were analysed using a Weighted Mean Score on a 4-point Likert scale. The result obtained revealed that the level of awareness of Rivers State journalists on the use of artificial intelligence for information sourcing is significantly high; artificial intelligence in information sourcing among journalists in Rivers State is effective since it saves time, cost and enhances faster decision-making among journalists and fairness, honesty, fact-checking and objectivity were among the major ethical issues Journalists in Rivers State considered when sourcing information from AI. The study recommends that there should be an Artificial Intelligence literacy/ training that focuses on AI applications, benefits and limitations in journalism practice; journalists should be an Artificial Intelligence literacy/ training that focuses on AI applications, benefits and limitations in journalism practice and should be an established set of clear guidelines for AI usage in journalism practice, emphasising fairness, honesty, fact-checking and objectivity.

Keywords: Artificial Intelligence; Ethical Consideration; Information Sourcing; Journalists; Rivers State

Abstract

This study presents a narrative review of the relationship between financial management practices, particularly budgeting, accountability, and student performance in public secondary schools in Kogi State, Nigeria. The review synthesizes evidence from empirical studies, policy documents, and relevant theoretical literature on educational finance, school accountability, and educational management to examine how financial management practices influence school effectiveness and student learning outcomes. Using a thematic review approach, the study identifies key dimensions of effective financial management, including strategic budgeting, clearly defined roles and responsibilities in financial decision-making, transparency, and accountability mechanisms involving school principals and community stakeholders. The review demonstrates that effective budgeting and accountability practices enhance the efficient utilization of financial resources, strengthen institutional governance, and contribute to improved student performance. The study contributes to the existing body of knowledge by integrating evidence on the interrelationships between budgeting, accountability, and educational outcomes within the context of public secondary schools in Kogi State. It further reinforces the importance of clearly defined financial management responsibilities, transparent financial policies, stakeholder participation, and the adoption of technology-driven financial monitoring systems to improve accountability and overall school performance.

Keywords: Financial Management; Educational Outcomes; Budgeting; Accountability; Resource Utilisation; Public Secondary Schools

Abstract

This study presents a narrative review of existing literature on crisis management strategies employed by principals in public secondary schools, with particular attention to the context of Ekiti State, Nigeria. The review synthesizes evidence from scholarly publications on educational leadership, crisis management, and school administration to identify the leadership approaches and institutional factors that influence effective crisis response in resource-constrained environments. Through thematic analysis of the reviewed literature, the study examines instructional, transformational, and entrepreneurial leadership styles as key strategies for sustaining teacher professionalism, ensuring curriculum continuity, and fostering innovation during crises. The review reveals that instructional leadership provides a foundation for continuous professional support and uninterrupted teaching and learning, while transformational and entrepreneurial leadership enhance flexibility, collaborative problem-solving, and educational innovation during periods of disruption. However, the findings also indicate that limited school autonomy and inadequate resources significantly constrain principals' capacity to respond effectively to crises. The major contribution of this review is the development of a context-specific theoretical perspective that emphasizes the need for an integrated crisis management framework tailored to public secondary schools in resource-constrained settings. The study further recommends targeted leadership training in instructional, transformational, and entrepreneurial practices, alongside policy interventions to address systemic constraints and strengthen principals' crisis management capacity, thereby improving educational resilience and continuity in Ekiti State and similar contexts.

Keywords: Principal Strategies; Crisis Management; Teachers; Public Secondary Schools; Educational Leadership

Abstract

The high-end making, new energy &AI (artificial intelligence) robot will occupy the new reformation field so that the much R &D (research and development) and investment is to be added continually by our government, maker &university. On the other hand, the expertise research must be much stronger, deeper & wider so the related performance is to be published in high-level &high-advanced journal with that paper. That needs to reflect the external and internal intrinsic relationship about searching object defect and inner stress &temperature etc. many physical and chemistry aspects. Therein many relational information can be acquired by our scientist and fellows for them to continuously find and seek the principle result on behalf of complicated exploration about the unbalance and balance relation so as to acquire the virtual and actual phenomena and theoretical base. We should encourage the fellows research aim and direction, thereby the subsequent capital support by government institution even institute and making house and devices etc a series of preferential policy. The more product and equipment made from maker will enhance our high-technique skill and equipment capacity to satisfy the request coming from the society and foreign remands for us to process the foreign trade business actively from factory to seaport transiting other countries and territories. The old and new energy kinetic transformation needs to be transformed by now urgently, and that old low energy kinetic will be collapsed gradually and ultimately for us to learn new one and some interdisciplinary subject applying to the innovation item. The new renewable energy industry as an important factor to decline the gasoline usefulness on vehicle and factories that may start to change the traditional energy source into the low-contamination &high-renewable fuel at all for us to share in the views of the clean atmosphere with the BEV (battery electric vehicles) and making automation-flow-line and some heat-supplying factories. Thereby, the more searching for those transforming course and endeavors would be request through arousing the researcher and scholars explored the source and making process to a certain performance that is to advantage progressing high-functional-equipment making. So the society will continue to develop for us to be employed by those makers and increase the work-opportunity from college and university exhibited their expertise advantageous direction and theme for the sake of improving factory new-quality-productivity with those new and tip subject like some interdisciplinary departments between physics and materials, physics and chemistry, chemistry and physics, physics &administration, automation &physics, electronics &electricity, electronics &physics, electricity &physics etc.. Those new interdisciplinary departments will occupy the new subjects so as to enhance our fringe-regional development and cross-disciplinary one trial and development.

Keywords: Progressing high-technique product &GDP systems; By sustainability; An innovated searching

Abstract

The high-end making, new energy &AI (artificial intelligence) robot will occupy the new reformation field so that the much R &D (research and development) and investment is to be added continually by our government, maker &university. On the other hand, the expertise research must be much stronger, deeper & wider so the related performance is to be published in high-level &high-advanced journal with that paper. That needs to reflect the external and internal intrinsic relationship about searching object defect and inner stress &temperature etc. many physical and chemistry aspects. Therein many relational information can be acquired by our scientist and fellows for them to continuously find and seek the principle result on behalf of complicated exploration about the unbalance and balance relation so as to acquire the virtual and actual phenomena and theoretical base. We should encourage the fellows research aim and direction, thereby the subsequent capital support by government institution &institute and making house and devices etc a series of preferential policy. The more product and equipment made from maker will enhance our high-technique skill and equipment capacity to satisfy the request coming from the society and foreign remands for us to process the foreign trade business actively from factory to seaport transiting other countries and territories. The old and new energy kinetic transformation needs to be transformed by now urgently, and that old low energy kinetic will be collapsed gradually and ultimately for us to learn new one and some interdisciplinary subject applying to the innovation item. The new renewable energy industry as an important factor to decline the gasoline usefulness on vehicle and factories that may start to change the traditional energy source into the low-contamination &high-renewable fuel at all for us to share in the views of the clean atmosphere with the BEV (battery electric vehicles) and making automation-flow-line and some heat-supplying factories. Thereby, the more searching for those transforming course and endeavors would be request through arousing the researcher and scholars explored the source and making process to a certain performance that is to advantage progressing high-functional-equipment making.

Keywords: Progressing high-technique product &GDP systems; By sustainability; An innovated searching; Five permanent members hydraulic generation situation

Abstract

Property valuation remains fundamental to real estate markets, influencing investment decisions, mortgage lending, taxation, and financial reporting. Traditional valuation approaches relying on professional judgment have been increasingly criticized for subjectivity, inconsistency, and limited capacity to process growing property data volumes. Artificial Intelligence and Automated Valuation Models offer transformative potential for mass appraisal with enhanced speed and accuracy. However, the "black box" nature of many AI systems raises significant concerns regarding transparency, interpretability, and regulatory compliance in valuation practice. The Nigerian real estate market faces unique challenges including data scarcity, inconsistent property records, limited technological adoption, and pronounced gaps in academic literature regarding AI applications in emerging market contexts. Existing research predominantly focuses on developed economies with established property data infrastructures, leaving developing economies underserved by appropriate AI valuation frameworks. The lack of Explainable AI in existing models creates a trust deficit among stakeholders unable to verify AI-generated valuations. This conceptual study develops an Explainable AI-based Automated Valuation Model framework tailored to Nigerian residential property market conditions, integrating hedonic pricing theory, machine learning, and XAI techniques. Adopting a conceptual research design, the study synthesizes theoretical foundations from property economics, ensemble learning algorithms (XGBoost, Random Forest), and explainability techniques (SHAP, LIME) to develop a comprehensive five-layer architectural framework. The proposed framework integrates data integration, feature engineering, predictive modeling, explainability, and output presentation layers. SHAP analysis enables global and local explanations for valuation transparency. Contextual adaptation strategies address Nigerian market realities including data limitations and technological constraints. The framework provides a practical roadmap for developing transparent, interpretable AI valuation systems appropriate for emerging markets, supporting professional validation, regulatory compliance, and stakeholder confidence in AI-enabled property valuation practice.

Keywords: Explainable AI; Automated Valuation Model; Real Estate Valuation; Machine Learning; Property Market

Abstract

Property management has evolved significantly from traditional manual approaches to technology-driven operations, with Property Technology (PropTech) emerging as a transformative force in the real estate sector. The integration of Artificial Intelligence, Big Data analytics, and digital platforms presents unprecedented opportunities for enhancing property management performance through improved operational efficiency, tenant experience, and asset optimization. Despite these advancements, the adoption and impact of PropTech in property management remain underexplored, particularly in emerging market contexts. The real estate industry faces increasing pressure to modernize property management practices amid growing tenant expectations, complex regulatory requirements, and the need for data-driven decision-making. Traditional property management approaches are often characterized by inefficiencies, limited data utilization, and reactive maintenance strategies. The gap between technological capabilities and actual adoption in property management practice necessitates investigation into the drivers, barriers, and performance implications of PropTech adoption. Furthermore, limited research exists on how AI, Big Data, and digital platforms collectively influence property management outcomes in diverse market contexts. This study examines the role of PropTech adoption in improving property management performance, focusing on the contributions of Artificial Intelligence, Big Data analytics, and digital platforms to operational efficiency, tenant satisfaction, and asset value optimization. The study adopts a comprehensive literature review approach, synthesizing findings from academic research, industry reports, and case studies on PropTech adoption in property management. The analysis covers technology applications across property operations, maintenance, tenant relations, financial management, and strategic asset management. AI-powered predictive maintenance and smart building systems significantly reduce operational costs and downtime while improving tenant satisfaction. Big Data analytics enables evidence-based decision-making through real-time property performance monitoring, market trend analysis, and predictive modeling. Digital platforms streamline property operations through integrated systems for rent collection, maintenance requests, lease management, and tenant communication. Successful PropTech adoption requires organizational readiness, technological infrastructure, skilled workforce, and supportive regulatory frameworks. PropTech adoption represents a strategic imperative for modern property management, offering substantial improvements in operational efficiency, tenant satisfaction, and financial performance. The integration of AI, Big Data, and digital platforms creates a connected ecosystem that transforms property management from reactive maintenance to proactive optimization. The findings provide practical insights for property managers, real estate firms, and policymakers seeking to leverage technology for enhanced property management performance.

Keywords: PropTech; Artificial Intelligence; Big Data; Digital Platforms; Property Management

Abstract

This study explores the connections among circular fashion design, sustainable brand communication, and brand awareness in apparel startups within emerging markets, while also assessing how consumer environmental consciousness moderates these links. Grounded in customer-based brand equity theory and signaling theory, it positions brand awareness as the result of interactions between sustainability-focused product design, effective communication efforts, and consumers’ environmental values. Employing a quantitative cross-sectional approach, researchers gathered data from 385 consumers via a 5-point Likert-scale questionnaire shared through Google Forms, then analyzed it using IBM SPSS for reliability checks, exploratory factor analysis, multiple linear regression, and moderation analysis via Hayes’ Process Macro (Model 1). Results showed that circular fashion design (β = 0.588) and sustainable brand communication (β = 0.609) both significantly boost brand awareness, highlighting how embedding sustainability in products and conveying it clearly can enhance recognition and recall. Moreover, consumer environmental consciousness acted as a notable moderator (β = 0.481), amplifying the positive impact of circular fashion design on brand awareness, as environmentally aware individuals tend to notice and appreciate such initiatives more strongly. This study contributes to the sustainable fashion and branding literature by integrating circular product design, sustainability communication, and consumer environmental consciousness within a unified framework, thereby extending customer-based brand equity and signaling perspectives to the underexplored context of emerging-market apparel startups. Practically, the findings provide actionable guidance for startups to strengthen competitive brand visibility by embedding authentic circular attributes into product design, communicating sustainability initiatives clearly and credibly, and targeting environmentally conscious consumers who are more responsive to circular value propositions.

Keywords: Brand awareness; Circular fashion design; Sustainable brand communication; Consumer environmental consciousness; Emerging market apparel startups